Interactive patient lab · Shape · light · clarity
Keratoconus.
Explore an irregular cornea, understand corneal maps and see how lens optics can help.
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Read the evidenceEvidence & sources
These sources support the concepts described here.
National Eye Institute, NIH
Public explanation of corneal thinning, changing shape and vision. Page updated 6 December 2024.
Gomes et al. · Cornea
Published consensus; PubMed abstract verified. Supports the scope of assessment and optical/medical management. Detailed thresholds are not reproduced.
Duncan, Belin & Borgstrom · Eye and Vision
Research article abstract: anterior/posterior corneal shape, thickness and measurement variability. No progression cut-off is used here.
- Year not statedSpeciality contact lens (opens in a new tab)
Moorfields Eye Hospital
Hospital explanation of a smoother optical surface and the fluid layer with scleral lenses. Publication year is not stated on the verified page.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Temporary corneal optical effect and continued prescribed wear. U.S. information does not establish South African product approval or this practice’s services. Publication year not stated.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Avoiding lens exposure to water, including showering and swimming. Updated 27 May 2025.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The prescribed lens-care system, fresh solution and manufacturer instructions. Saline is not a disinfectant. Updated 27 May 2025.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Warning symptoms, immediate lens removal and urgent eye-care advice. Updated 27 May 2025.
National Eye Institute, NIH
Myopic focus and the relationship between eye shape and refraction. Updated 4 September 2025.
International Myopia Institute · Gifford et al.
Clinical summary: history, examination, refraction, axial length, communication and follow-up. It is a dated guideline, read alongside later IMI publications.
International Myopia Institute · Flitcroft et al.
Distinguishes optical correction, interventions intended to slow progression, and comprehensive management; explains monitoring and regulatory context.
International Myopia Institute
Update across definitions, clinical management and other myopia research. Included as a route to newer evidence, without reproducing treatment algorithms.